Translation and analysis of words by ChatGPT artificial intelligence
On this page you can get a detailed analysis of a word or phrase, produced by the best artificial intelligence technology to date:
- how the word is used
- frequency of use
- it is used more often in oral or written speech
- word translation options
- usage examples (several phrases with translation)
- etymology
What (who) is J Willard Hershey - definition
![[[Burlington House]], site of the Royal Society of London, in 1873](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Burlington House ILN 1873.jpg?width=200 "[[Burlington House]], site of the Royal Society of London, in 1873")
![A [[calcite]] crystal produces birefringence (or "double refraction") of light, a phenomenon which Gibbs explained using Maxwell's equations for electromagnetic phenomena.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Calcite.jpg?width=200 "A [[calcite]] crystal produces birefringence (or \"double refraction\") of light, a phenomenon which Gibbs explained using Maxwell's equations for electromagnetic phenomena.")
![Fortune]]'', by artist Arthur Lidov, showing Gibbs's thermodynamic surface of water and his formula for the phase rule](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Fortune June 1946.jpg?width=200 "Fortune]]'', by artist Arthur Lidov, showing Gibbs's thermodynamic surface of water and his formula for the phase rule")
![Title page of Gibbs's ''[[Elementary Principles in Statistical Mechanics]]'', one of the founding documents of that discipline, published in 1902](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Gibbs-Elementary principles in statistical mechanics.png?width=200 "Title page of Gibbs's ''[[Elementary Principles in Statistical Mechanics]]'', one of the founding documents of that discipline, published in 1902")
![Science Hill]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/JWGibbsLabs.jpg?width=200 "Science Hill]]")
![Maxwell's sketch of the lines of constant temperature and pressure, made in preparation for his construction of a solid model based on Gibbs's definition of a thermodynamic surface for water (see [[Maxwell's thermodynamic surface]])](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Maxwell's letters plate IV.jpg?width=200 "Maxwell's sketch of the lines of constant temperature and pressure, made in preparation for his construction of a solid model based on Gibbs's definition of a thermodynamic surface for water (see [[Maxwell's thermodynamic surface]])")
![step function]] on the real line](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Sine integral.svg?width=200 "step function]] on the real line")
![Yale's Sloane Physical Laboratory, as it stood between 1882 and 1931 at the current location of [[Jonathan Edwards College]]. Gibbs's office was on the second floor, to the right of the tower in the picture.<ref>Wheeler 1998, p. 86</ref>](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/SloaneLab.jpg?width=200 "Yale's Sloane Physical Laboratory, as it stood between 1882 and 1931 at the current location of [[Jonathan Edwards College]]. Gibbs's office was on the second floor, to the right of the tower in the picture.<ref>Wheeler 1998, p. 86</ref>")
![Graphical representation of the free energy of a body, from the latter of the papers published by Gibbs in 1873. This shows a plane of constant volume, passing through the point ''A'' that represents the body's initial state. The curve ''MN'' is the section of the "surface of dissipated energy". ''AD'' and ''AE'' are, respectively, the energy (''ε'') and entropy (''η'') of the initial state. ''AB'' is the "available energy" (now called the [[Helmholtz free energy]]) and ''AC'' the "capacity for entropy" (i.e., the amount by which the entropy can be increased without changing the energy or volume).](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Wykres Gibbsa.svg?width=200 "Graphical representation of the free energy of a body, from the latter of the papers published by Gibbs in 1873. This shows a plane of constant volume, passing through the point ''A'' that represents the body's initial state. The curve ''MN'' is the section of the \"surface of dissipated energy\". ''AD'' and ''AE'' are, respectively, the energy (''ε'') and entropy (''η'') of the initial state. ''AB'' is the \"available energy\" (now called the [[Helmholtz free energy]]) and ''AC'' the \"capacity for entropy\" (i.e., the amount by which the entropy can be increased without changing the energy or volume).")
Wikipedia
Josiah Willard Gibbs (; February 11, 1839 – April 28, 1903) was an American scientist who made significant theoretical contributions to physics, chemistry, and mathematics. His work on the applications of thermodynamics was instrumental in transforming physical chemistry into a rigorous inductive science. Together with James Clerk Maxwell and Ludwig Boltzmann, he created statistical mechanics (a term that he coined), explaining the laws of thermodynamics as consequences of the statistical properties of ensembles of the possible states of a physical system composed of many particles. Gibbs also worked on the application of Maxwell's equations to problems in physical optics. As a mathematician, he invented modern vector calculus (independently of the British scientist Oliver Heaviside, who carried out similar work during the same period).
In 1863, Yale awarded Gibbs the first American doctorate in engineering. After a three-year sojourn in Europe, Gibbs spent the rest of his career at Yale, where he was a professor of mathematical physics from 1871 until his death in 1903. Working in relative isolation, he became the earliest theoretical scientist in the United States to earn an international reputation and was praised by Albert Einstein as "the greatest mind in American history." In 1901, Gibbs received what was then considered the highest honor awarded by the international scientific community, the Copley Medal of the Royal Society of London, "for his contributions to mathematical physics."
Commentators and biographers have remarked on the contrast between Gibbs's quiet, solitary life in turn of the century New England and the great international impact of his ideas. Though his work was almost entirely theoretical, the practical value of Gibbs's contributions became evident with the development of industrial chemistry during the first half of the 20th century. According to Robert A. Millikan, in pure science, Gibbs "did for statistical mechanics and thermodynamics what Laplace did for celestial mechanics and Maxwell did for electrodynamics, namely, made his field a well-nigh finished theoretical structure."
